Ancient City Of Ur Report - 934 Words

ANCIENT CITY OF UR REPORT ANCIENT HISTORY REPORT BY DYLAN NAGLE Yr. 11 The ancient Sumerian city of Ur was a southern Mesopotamian city located in what is now modern day Iraq. The city of Ur was established in approximately 3800BC, being inhabited until 450BC. In its prominent state Ur was a city of large scope, size and opulence. That and its position on the Persian Gulf allowed trade with countries as far away as India, bringing the city a vast amount of wealth. In 1922CE Ur became a site of great excitement when Sir Leonard Woolley (1880-1960) began excavations on the site conducted on behalf of the British Museum, London and the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Sir Woolley s findings would reveal many things about†¦show more content†¦Due to the extensive amount of gold and jewellery found in such a short time Hamoudi nicknamed the first trench the gold trench . The second trench showed evidence of a large wall as well as the ruins of several ancient buildings. Despite everyone s excitement with the gold trench Sir Woolley, recognising the evidence of possible burials, decided not to continue due to the fact that his workers were not yet experienced enough to dig up the burial pits. The gold trench would not be touched for another three years. Although disappointed the workers continued to excavate trench two enthusiastically. Within a few weeks Sir Woolley s team had uncovered the remains of a temple named Enunmah and more sections of the large wall. Sir Woolley s work was halted in the spring due to the intense heat as the high temperatures made it intolerable for the workers to dig. Sir Woolley returned to England with plans to return in autumn when the temperature is cooler. Sir Woolley would then continue this practice for the next  · ten years that he spent working on the city of Ur site. The excavation started back up in the autumn of 1923. The teams spent this time to clear away the rubble around the Ziggurat. Woolley s teams uncovered a courtyard and surrounding rooms. During this season Sir Wooley had decided to explore a site not far from the dig site called Tell AL Ubaid, leaving Hamoudi in charge ofShow MoreRelatedThe Discovery of Ebla and The Relations Between Mesopotamia and Syria1742 Words   |  7 Pagesbut its greatest contribution is to our understanding of the complex and economic relationships between the cities of Mesopotamia and Syria. Ebla was a diplomatic based empire and due to its unique geographical location, it had a key role in managing and conducting relations between early North-West Syria and Upper Mesopotamia (Matthiae 1976, 112). Due to these active relations with other cities it was stimulated to absorb cultural elements from the Sumerian and Mesopotamian worlds (Matthiae 1980a,Read MoreHow Workers Compensation Is Not A New Concept Essay 1216 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Workers Compensation is not a new concept, in fact its origins can be dated as far back as 2050 B.C where it is written in The Nippur Tablet No. 3191 from ancient Sumeria in the law of Ur-Nammu, king of the city-state of Ur. The law of Ur provided monetary compensation for specific injury to workers body parts, including fractures (Guyton, 1999, p. 106). 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Perry Smith A Passion to Kill - 1354 Words

Serial killers have long eluded law enforcement while simultaneously grabbing the attention of the public, and now more than ever, criminal psychologists are beginning to understand what makes a serial killer. In his true-crime documentary, In Cold Blood, Truman Capote depicts the horrifying murders of four members of the Clutter family and the search to find the criminals responsible for the deaths. Eventually, two killers are caught, one being Perry Smith, a detached and emotionless man. And although his carnage of the Clutters labeled him a mass murderer, many of Perry’s personality traits are characteristic of a serial killer. In fact, if detectives had not caught him, Perry could have easily become a serial killer. Because the term†¦show more content†¦Many serial killers suffer from a mental illness or incapacity of some type, and more specifically, many serial killers suffer from Psychopathic Personality Disorder, or PPD, a mental disorder that causes the ina bility to empathize with others (Forensic Science 563). It is believed that infamous serial killer, Ted Bundy, suffered from Psychopathic Personality Disorder because he â€Å"†¦looked upon others as objects, not people to be loved or hated, just objects† (American Decades). People with PPD are very highly manipulative and intelligent, exceptional liars, and feel as if they are superior to everyone else and therefore disregard rules and laws. However, they do not have the capacity to feel emotional remorse even when they know their actions were wrong (Forensic Science 563), just as Perry knows he should not have killed the Clutters, but he does not feel sorry for doing it (Capote 358). Basically, a psychopath’s â€Å"main aim [in life] is self-gratification,† no matter the cost (Forensic Science 563). Serial killers suffering from Psychopathic Personality Disorder usually do not start their lives of crime with murder; they often start with small acts, such as systematic lying, animal cruelty or vandalism, as children (Forensic Science 563). Jeffrey Dahmer, a serial killer thought to have killed hundreds, collected and dissolved road kill in acid as a childShow MoreRelatedCold Blood By Truman Capote, A Cold Blooded Killer1046 Words   |  5 Pagesthrive, a child requires support from a guardian to prosper in every aspect. A secure support system t in a child’s life creates healthy relationships as well as providing the child with a positive perspective and mindset. However in the lives of Perry Smith, a cold blooded killer in the novel In Cold Blood by Truman Capote, child soldiers, and the children of the street, support from the family is seldom displayed. The absence of support leads these persons to lives filled with hostility and violence;Read MoreTruman Capote : Hard Times Make Good Stories1780 Words   |  8 Pagesmany short stories (Biography.com Editors.) My writings tend to have very dark psychological themes in my b ooks (DIScovering authors.) My writings were influenced by my dark childhood. I felt neglected. I felt connected to the people like Dick and Perry in a weird way. I could relate to how they felt even though I handled it differently. While some of my books like Breakfast at Tiffany s have some humor and happiness in them (Breakfast at Tiffany s.) I am one of the first writers to use what isRead MoreTop 1 Cause for Project Failure65023 Words   |  261 Pagesis by far the most major cause of project failure. 18. [pic] Louis Caramucci, MM, PMP Managing Partner, Founder at Pyramis LLC Lack of buyin from various areas of the company, to include sponsors and project teams can kill any project. 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Geary, More Than My Share in All (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institute Publications, 1990). Kerzner, H., In Search of Excellence in Project Management (New York: Von Nostrand Reinhold, 1997). Kerzner, H., â €Å"Strategic Planning for the ProjectRead MoreVarian Solution153645 Words   |  615 Pagesor 5 fewer. Does the income eï ¬â‚¬ect of the fall in the price of bananas make Charlie consume more apples or fewer? More. What is the total eï ¬â‚¬ect of the change in the price of bananas on the demand for apples? Zero. 8.2 (0) Neville’s passion is ï ¬ ne wine. When the prices of all other goods are ï ¬ xed at current levels, Neville’s demand function for highquality claret is q = .02m − 2p, where m is his income, p is the price of claret (in British pounds), and q is the number of bottles of claretRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 PagesECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 606 606 MINISTRY OF SOUND with no links to the local drugs gangs. 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Role of Evidence Based Nursing Research

Question: Discuss about the Role of Evidence Based Nursing Research. Answer: Introduction Nurses have a critical role to play in providing the best quality of care to patients struggling with life threatening problems. This proposal deals with the identification of the problem in nursing and explaining its relevance. Further, the paper includes a critical appraisal of a study conducted by Martin et al., (2014) and discusses the appropriate quality improvement approach to be applied to solve the identified problem. Statement of problem and it relevance Nutrition is an important factor in chronic disease management . In Australia, only half of the patients with chronic illness receive adequate nutrition care in primary health care setting. It was evident from a thorough literature review that practice nurses are not able to deliver nutrition-focused care. There is an ongoing debate about most efficient method of providing nutrition care to patients. The rationale for investigating this problem is due to the significant impact of food-related behavior on health condition. This proposal aims to understand the barriers to nutrition care in Australia and factors influencing the PNs because "practice nursing" is a new and evolving profession in Australia. It is observed since 2004, that there is an increase in the role of PN in chronic disease management. Moreover, nutrition is the vital component of management and prevention of chronic illness. Consequently, this study aims to develop the strategy to enable PNs to provide adequate nutrition care. Literature review It has been estimated by Martin et al., (2014) that majority of practice nurses in Australia perceive that nutrition-focused training is essential to ensure that their practices are effective in increasing adherence to nutritional recommendations for patients. This article by Martin et al., (2014) has been selected for understanding the attitude of the practice nurses in Australia, in providing nutrition care to the patients with chronic illness. The study by Martin et al., (2014), has provided an abstract where the researcher has concisely summarized the aim, background, methodology and results obtained from the study. The researcher of this article has presented a clear introduction highlighting the identified problem related to nutrition care in Australia with facts. The literature provided in the introduction substantiates authors argument. The review, in the beginning, explains the relevance of the problem and rationalizes the emphasis laid upon practice nurses. The researcher has set a stage for the study by listing all the factors indicating the need of PNs in delivering nutrition-focused care and the positive aspects. The author has chosen practice nurses as a target population of study. The paper provides an adequate and convincing justification for this purpose stating that this group of health professionals has not been able to deliver effective nutrition-focused care. Relevant articles have not been used to suppor t the impact of inadequate nutrition care. This is the first article exploring the attitude and skills of PNs in providing nutrition care for chronic disease management. Therefore, the author could explain the literature gap in this area. It was found by the author that patients perceive involvement of PNs in managing chronic illness as sustainable and feasible. It was also found that a majority of the PNs failed to consider the nutritional aspect of patient care. Therefore, this helps in establishing a trend in the influencing factors of nursing attitude towards nutrition care. There is a lack of critical analysis of previous studies used in the literature review, which constitutes the drawback of the article. The literature synthesis in this article was sufficient to establish the problem. This study was relevant for an author, because, in Australia, there is a demand for PNs for delivering effective nutrition care. To fulfill this demand, the author found it essential to assess the attitudes, skills, and perceptions of the practices nurses in Australia. Overall, the literature was found to be relevant to the topic. The author has successfully carried out the progression formed by the review throughout the study. In this study, the online cross-sectional survey has been used by the author selecting 181 Australian PNs as the sample population. The selected nurses have been working between February to April 2013 in a general practice setting. The survey was developed by LimeSurvey version 1.9. The article Development of a measure of attitude toward nutrition in patient care" by McGaghie et al., (2001) appears to be seminal as this has been used by the author for developing the cross-sectional study. The questionnaire (primary instrument) was designed in a manner that assists in examining the factors that influence nutrition care of PNs. To ensure the validity of the data collected, Nutrition in Patient care Survey, tool has been used. McGaghie et al., (2001) as it has been found to be reliable in other studies, used the same. It was modified by adding additional questions to make it relevant to PNs. The questionnaire was divided into five sections containing 72 items to cover the broad spectrum of variables and measure nurses attitude with sufficient sensitivity. The articles were related to demographics, GP behaviour, perceptions of PNs on their role and responsibility towards the provision of nutrition care, promoting change to patients, and their view of continuing professional development (CPD) activities. The article does not discuss the sampling method, which is the other observed drawback. The author has calculated the descriptive statistic for each survey item. The autho r has tested the survey sample for its representation of PN workforce in Australia. Further, the author has explored the association of demographic characteristics between respondents and the responses to the survey item. The data collected was tested for statistical significance set at P 0.05. Therefore, this ensures internal validity and reliability of the data. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS statistical software package version 19. Overall, the methodology is clearly laid out in this research paper. It acts as a template that can be replicated in future studies with sufficient ease. Martin et al., (2014) has invited the nurses through e-Newsletters of the major Australian practice nurse associations briefly explaining the purpose of the research and assuring confidentiality of the matter which is considered to be the chief priority of ethics (Hartas, 2015). Thus, the researcher has upheld the rights of informed consent. It was declared in the paper that the "Griffith University Human Research Ethics Committee (Protocol Number PBH/08/13/HREC) approved the research, and there were no conflicts of interests. The results revealed that 89% of the PNs perceive diet as an important factor to be addressed during chronic disease management. More than half of the PNs that is 61% were unsure if their practices have breached the compliance to nutritional recommendations of the patients and 98% of the PNs believe that the nutrition-focused training and education program would increase the effectiveness of their nutrition care. Further, the author has also identified that family commitment, lack of time, traveling issues, a high cost of activities as significant barriers that prevented CPD activities among the PNs. These results are a significant contribution to the literature since it indicates the lack of training being the crucial factor influencing the delivery of nutrition care. The result section is well presented with tabular charts to allow readers grab a clear understanding of the outcome. These findings are highly relevant for policy makers, health professionals, intending to develop the effective strategy for enhancing nutrition care. Reflective critique The research has been relevant in identifying the factors affecting nutrition care among nurses. The results make a unique contribution as it is found that nurses have a positive attitude towards enhancing nutrition care, and they are seeking for education and training to obtain best outcomes. Therefore, it implies that delivering appropriate intervention addressing the issues and needs of the nurses will reduce the barriers. However, as a critique of the research article, I will recommend the researcher to conduct the qualitative assessment personally interviewing individual nurses and dieticians about their attitude in this problem area. Application of appropriate improvement approach Currently, there is no data available regarding effective interventions being implemented in Australia to help dietitians or nurses in enhancing nutrition care. The training and education for improving nutrition care are likely to be implemented successfully for PNs to provide effective nutrition care for patients with chronic illness. The result obtained from Martin et al., (2014) will be exposed to the policy makers and health professionals to push for the training process. The training will be sustained if it is compatible with the hospital priorities. The program will be timely evaluated collecting feedback from the nurses and the patient to assess the merits, demerits and the success of the program in its execution and implementation. Positive feedback will indicate the effectiveness of the strategy. A project including the unit team and implementation team will be prepared to state plans for implementing the effective intervention for enhancing nutrition care. The team will rea ch consensus with developed questions such as How should the nurses identify the best dietary requirement for individual patient's condition? How can the nurses ensure that their practices meet the compliance of the nutritional recommendation of the patient? Further, a structure will be prepared for implementing the training program. This includes evaluation of risks, scheduled protocols, the intervention that will deal with the issues and post-intervention assessment. The component of the program will be modified as per individual patient's condition. It is anticipated that this strategy will be successful as nurses are positive in their attitude. Further, feedback will be utilized to enhance the desired outcomes. References Agarwal, E., Ferguson, M., Banks, M., Batterham, M., Bauer, J., Capra, S., Isenring, E. (2012). Nutrition care practices in hospital wards: results from the Nutrition Care Day Survey 2010.Clinical nutrition,31(6), 995-1001. Ball, L., Desbrow, B., Leveritt, M. (2014). An exploration of individuals preferences for nutrition care from Australian primary care health professionals.Australian Journal of Primary Health,20(1), 113-120. Beattie, E., O'Reilly, M., Strange, E., Franklin, S., Isenring, E. (2014). How much do residential aged care staff members know about the nutritional needs of residents?.International journal of older people nursing,9(1), 54-64. Buxton, C., Davies, A. (2013). Nutritional knowledge levels of nursing students in a tertiary institution: Lessons for curriculum planning.Nurse education in practice,13(5), 355-360. Evert, A. B., Boucher, J. L., Cypress, M., Dunbar, S. A., Franz, M. J., Mayer-Davis, E. J., ... Yancy, W. S. (2014). Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes.Diabetes care,37(Supplement 1), S120-S143. Franz, M. J., Powers, M. A., Leontos, C., Holzmeister, L. A., Kulkarni, K., Monk, A., ... Gradwell, E. (2010). The evidence for medical nutrition therapy for type 1 and type 2 diabetes in adults.Journal of the American Dietetic Association,110(12), 1852-1889. Hartas, D. (Ed.). (2015).Educational research and inquiry: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Bloomsbury Publishing. Kiss, C. M., Byham-Gray, L., Denmark, R., Loetscher, R., Brody, R. A. (2012). The impact of implementation of a nutrition support algorithm on nutrition care outcomes in an intensive care unit.Nutrition in Clinical Practice,27(6), 793-801. Kris-Etherton, P. M., Akabas, S. R., Bales, C. W., Bistrian, B., Braun, L., Edwards, M. S., ... Pratt, C. A. (2014). The need to advance nutrition education in the training of health care professionals and recommended research to evaluate implementation and effectiveness.The American journal of clinical nutrition,99(5), 1153S-1166S. Martin, L., Leveritt, M. D., Desbrow, B., Ball, L. E. (2014). The self-perceived knowledge, skills and attitudes of Australian practice nurses in providing nutrition care to patients with chronic disease.Family practice,31(2), 201-208. McGaghie, W. C., Van Horn, L., Fitzgibbon, M., Telser, A., Thompson, J. A., Kushner, R. F., Prystowsky, J. B. (2001). Development of a measure of attitude toward nutrition in patient care.American journal of preventive medicine,20(1), 15-20. Schaller, C., James, E. L. (2005). The nutritional knowledge of Australian nurses.Nurse Education Today,25(5), 405-412. Martin, L., Leveritt, M. D., Desbrow, B., Ball, L. E. (2014). The self-perceived knowledge, skills and attitudes of Australian practice nurses in providing nutrition care to patients with chronic disease.Family practice,31(2), 201-208.

Robert Merton Theory Essay Example

Robert Merton Theory Paper It is rightfully argued that crime, whether or not in a contemporary society, is an extremely complex and multi-faceted Phenomena that has puzzled academics for many years. Theories that aim to rationalise the causes of crime and understand the origin of criminal behaviour are often criticised for being too biased or deterministic in their research studies. Many have been of great influence and seen to explain (to an extent) the cause of crime but none has fully decoded the mystery of why people commit crime. Mertons anomie theory aimed at explaining deviance from a ociological perspective as opposed to previous academic theories on crime and criminals. The first well known study of crime and criminals is that of one who is often referred to as the father of criminology, Cesar Lombroso. Lombrosos argument was based around the Darwinian theory of human evolution and his theory argued that criminals were a throw back to an earlier period of human progression. In other words, they were less evolved humans, with visible physical features such as large ears and big lips. His theory suggested that criminals were born and not made therefore, where genetically prone to criminality. Mertons argument was to the contrary. Rather than observing the individual criminal as being subhuman, he questioned societies influence on the individual. In his 1968 book, Merton argued that it no longer appears to be so obvious that man is set against society in an unceasing war between biological impulse and social restraint. The image of man as an untamed bundle of impulses begins to look like a caricature rather than a portrait. Sociological theories on crime and deviance, have always disagreed with the idea of biology being the cause of societies problems and thus, would rather emphasize the nfluence of external societal factors on the causes of crime. Individual differences are often disputed or ignored, and the explanation of the overall collective behaviour is seen to correlate with the influence of institutions. Being a sociologist, Mertons Anomie (or strain) Theory also attempts to rationalise and understand crime from such a social perspective. We will write a custom essay sample on Robert Merton Theory specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Robert Merton Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Robert Merton Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In his theory, which, is an adaptation of Durkheims earlier theory of anomie, Merton suggests that for most, deviance and criminality does not stem from pathological personalities but from the culture and structure of society itself2. Mertons strain theory is an adaptation of Durkheims earlier theory of anomie, which described a period of normlessness when the general value consensus was lost and people didnt know the parameters of acceptable behaviour. Unlike Durkheim however, Merton argued that anomie was not brought about by a sudden social change but by a society which assigns the same goals to all its members but affords them unequal opportunities to attain these goals. For Merton, irrespective of the role of biological impulses, there still remained the further question of why it is hat the frequency of deviant behaviour varies within different social structures and how it happens that the deviations have different shapes and patterns in different social structures. The new adapted theory employs this functionalist idea of social norms and values and suggests that people become deviant when they cannot fulfil societies expected of success through the normal, accepted, legal channels such as education, talent and hard work. Being an American sociologist, Merton utilized the idea of the idea of the American dream to illustrate his theory. Contemporary American culture appears to approximate the polar type in which great emphasis upon certain success goals occurs without emphasis upon institutional means. -Merton 1968 According to the American dream, everyone in the American society is equal as created by God. They all have not only the right, but the opportunity and ability to achieve great financial success through hard work and dedication. Mertons theory was simple- people are bombarded with such high expectations and strain is put upon them by society to succeed. Such success is measured by financial achievements and material wealth. The American dream states that everyone has the capability to own a Cadillac and a Beverly Hills mansion. but little attention is given to the accepted institutionalised means of gaining them. Some are capable of achieving such success through the socially accepted means but due to the problem of societal inequality (observably, race and gender discrimination), not all will be given the opportunity to achieve such goals. Some that cant achieve these set goals in the legal way, will turn to illegal alternatives. Merton understood the importance of individual differences however and importantly oted the fact that not everyone that was unable to achieve societys goals through the accepted means turned to deviance. His primary aim therefore, was to understand why some people conformed to the socially accepted methodology and others didnt, or became deviant. People react to societies strains in different ways and for Merton, these individual differences could be summed up in 5 groups; conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion. Individuals who fall under the conformity genre accept both the goals as well as the set methods for achieving those goals. They are the academics and those who follow the required means of achieving success. They may not always achieve the American dream but they reach a level of self sustenance which is respected. Those who are classed in Mertons innovation concept, are creators or innovators. Although they are unable to achieve societal goals through the set means, they accept the goals but invent their own means of achieving them, often illegal ways. In ritualism, individuals abandon the goals they once believed to be within their reach and dedicate themselves to their current lifestyle. They play by the rules and have a aily safe routine. Retreatism is the reaction of those who reject both the goals and the means of achieving such goals. They often retreat into the world of alcoholism and drug addiction. They escape into a non-productive, non-striving lifestyle. Finally, rebellion is the mode in which individuals not only reject the required goals and accepted means but alienate themselves from them. They seek to create a society where a closer correspondence will be made between merit, effort and reward. The main part of Merton theory that relates to crime and criminal behaviour is his Innovators strata. This is where Merton highlights the origin of modern day criminality in the western world thus this will be the main focus of this essay. Innovators, as stated above, are those who invent their own (illegal) means of achieving societys success. They are the fraudsters, drug dealers, muggers, embezzlers and even white collar criminals. It is agreeable that many monetary crimes are committed due to financial reward and his theory carries its greatest strength in its explanation of economic and white collar crime. Merton argued that the idea of the skys the limit encourage people hat already have wealth to continue to seek more. This is also seen in large corporations where businesses are expected to continue to make a profit and the businessmen cross the blurred line of what is and isnt legal in corporate finance. They become innovators as they try to find ways to improve their businesses. Indeed, this applies equally well to Britain, especially in light of the competitive market created by Thatcher in the `80s. However, where Mertons theory succeeds in explaining crime for economic gain, it fails in its explanation of other ypes of crime which are widespread in the UK. A research study that supports an element of Mertons theory is that of John M. Hagedorn. In his 1987 study entitled Homeboys, Dope fiends, Legits and New Jacks, Hagedorn interviewed 47 members of 19 Milwaukee male and female gangs. Although Merton fails to address gang crime in his theory, this study shows some understanding of anomie. The drug dealers and criminals in the gang claimed society had failed them through racism and discrimination. The only way to make a good living according to the gang members, was from the streets.