Ancient City Of Ur Report - 934 Words

ANCIENT CITY OF UR REPORT ANCIENT HISTORY REPORT BY DYLAN NAGLE Yr. 11 The ancient Sumerian city of Ur was a southern Mesopotamian city located in what is now modern day Iraq. The city of Ur was established in approximately 3800BC, being inhabited until 450BC. In its prominent state Ur was a city of large scope, size and opulence. That and its position on the Persian Gulf allowed trade with countries as far away as India, bringing the city a vast amount of wealth. In 1922CE Ur became a site of great excitement when Sir Leonard Woolley (1880-1960) began excavations on the site conducted on behalf of the British Museum, London and the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Sir Woolley s findings would reveal many things about†¦show more content†¦Due to the extensive amount of gold and jewellery found in such a short time Hamoudi nicknamed the first trench the gold trench . The second trench showed evidence of a large wall as well as the ruins of several ancient buildings. Despite everyone s excitement with the gold trench Sir Woolley, recognising the evidence of possible burials, decided not to continue due to the fact that his workers were not yet experienced enough to dig up the burial pits. The gold trench would not be touched for another three years. Although disappointed the workers continued to excavate trench two enthusiastically. Within a few weeks Sir Woolley s team had uncovered the remains of a temple named Enunmah and more sections of the large wall. Sir Woolley s work was halted in the spring due to the intense heat as the high temperatures made it intolerable for the workers to dig. Sir Woolley returned to England with plans to return in autumn when the temperature is cooler. Sir Woolley would then continue this practice for the next  · ten years that he spent working on the city of Ur site. The excavation started back up in the autumn of 1923. The teams spent this time to clear away the rubble around the Ziggurat. Woolley s teams uncovered a courtyard and surrounding rooms. During this season Sir Wooley had decided to explore a site not far from the dig site called Tell AL Ubaid, leaving Hamoudi in charge ofShow MoreRelatedThe Discovery of Ebla and The Relations Between Mesopotamia and Syria1742 Words   |  7 Pagesbut its greatest contribution is to our understanding of the complex and economic relationships between the cities of Mesopotamia and Syria. Ebla was a diplomatic based empire and due to its unique geographical location, it had a key role in managing and conducting relations between early North-West Syria and Upper Mesopotamia (Matthiae 1976, 112). Due to these active relations with other cities it was stimulated to absorb cultural elements from the Sumerian and Mesopotamian worlds (Matthiae 1980a,Read MoreHow Workers Compensation Is Not A New Concept Essay 1216 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Workers Compensation is not a new concept, in fact its origins can be dated as far back as 2050 B.C where it is written in The Nippur Tablet No. 3191 from ancient Sumeria in the law of Ur-Nammu, king of the city-state of Ur. The law of Ur provided monetary compensation for specific injury to workers body parts, including fractures (Guyton, 1999, p. 106). 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Perry Smith A Passion to Kill - 1354 Words

Serial killers have long eluded law enforcement while simultaneously grabbing the attention of the public, and now more than ever, criminal psychologists are beginning to understand what makes a serial killer. In his true-crime documentary, In Cold Blood, Truman Capote depicts the horrifying murders of four members of the Clutter family and the search to find the criminals responsible for the deaths. Eventually, two killers are caught, one being Perry Smith, a detached and emotionless man. And although his carnage of the Clutters labeled him a mass murderer, many of Perry’s personality traits are characteristic of a serial killer. In fact, if detectives had not caught him, Perry could have easily become a serial killer. Because the term†¦show more content†¦Many serial killers suffer from a mental illness or incapacity of some type, and more specifically, many serial killers suffer from Psychopathic Personality Disorder, or PPD, a mental disorder that causes the ina bility to empathize with others (Forensic Science 563). It is believed that infamous serial killer, Ted Bundy, suffered from Psychopathic Personality Disorder because he â€Å"†¦looked upon others as objects, not people to be loved or hated, just objects† (American Decades). People with PPD are very highly manipulative and intelligent, exceptional liars, and feel as if they are superior to everyone else and therefore disregard rules and laws. However, they do not have the capacity to feel emotional remorse even when they know their actions were wrong (Forensic Science 563), just as Perry knows he should not have killed the Clutters, but he does not feel sorry for doing it (Capote 358). Basically, a psychopath’s â€Å"main aim [in life] is self-gratification,† no matter the cost (Forensic Science 563). Serial killers suffering from Psychopathic Personality Disorder usually do not start their lives of crime with murder; they often start with small acts, such as systematic lying, animal cruelty or vandalism, as children (Forensic Science 563). Jeffrey Dahmer, a serial killer thought to have killed hundreds, collected and dissolved road kill in acid as a childShow MoreRelatedCold Blood By Truman Capote, A Cold Blooded Killer1046 Words   |  5 Pagesthrive, a child requires support from a guardian to prosper in every aspect. A secure support system t in a child’s life creates healthy relationships as well as providing the child with a positive perspective and mindset. However in the lives of Perry Smith, a cold blooded killer in the novel In Cold Blood by Truman Capote, child soldiers, and the children of the street, support from the family is seldom displayed. The absence of support leads these persons to lives filled with hostility and violence;Read MoreTruman Capote : Hard Times Make Good Stories1780 Words   |  8 Pagesmany short stories (Biography.com Editors.) My writings tend to have very dark psychological themes in my b ooks (DIScovering authors.) My writings were influenced by my dark childhood. I felt neglected. I felt connected to the people like Dick and Perry in a weird way. I could relate to how they felt even though I handled it differently. While some of my books like Breakfast at Tiffany s have some humor and happiness in them (Breakfast at Tiffany s.) I am one of the first writers to use what isRead MoreTop 1 Cause for Project Failure65023 Words   |  261 Pagesis by far the most major cause of project failure. 18. [pic] Louis Caramucci, MM, PMP Managing Partner, Founder at Pyramis LLC Lack of buyin from various areas of the company, to include sponsors and project teams can kill any project. 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Geary, More Than My Share in All (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institute Publications, 1990). Kerzner, H., In Search of Excellence in Project Management (New York: Von Nostrand Reinhold, 1997). Kerzner, H., â €Å"Strategic Planning for the ProjectRead MoreVarian Solution153645 Words   |  615 Pagesor 5 fewer. Does the income eï ¬â‚¬ect of the fall in the price of bananas make Charlie consume more apples or fewer? More. What is the total eï ¬â‚¬ect of the change in the price of bananas on the demand for apples? Zero. 8.2 (0) Neville’s passion is ï ¬ ne wine. When the prices of all other goods are ï ¬ xed at current levels, Neville’s demand function for highquality claret is q = .02m − 2p, where m is his income, p is the price of claret (in British pounds), and q is the number of bottles of claretRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 PagesECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 606 606 MINISTRY OF SOUND with no links to the local drugs gangs. 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Role of Evidence Based Nursing Research

Question: Discuss about the Role of Evidence Based Nursing Research. Answer: Introduction Nurses have a critical role to play in providing the best quality of care to patients struggling with life threatening problems. This proposal deals with the identification of the problem in nursing and explaining its relevance. Further, the paper includes a critical appraisal of a study conducted by Martin et al., (2014) and discusses the appropriate quality improvement approach to be applied to solve the identified problem. Statement of problem and it relevance Nutrition is an important factor in chronic disease management . In Australia, only half of the patients with chronic illness receive adequate nutrition care in primary health care setting. It was evident from a thorough literature review that practice nurses are not able to deliver nutrition-focused care. There is an ongoing debate about most efficient method of providing nutrition care to patients. The rationale for investigating this problem is due to the significant impact of food-related behavior on health condition. This proposal aims to understand the barriers to nutrition care in Australia and factors influencing the PNs because "practice nursing" is a new and evolving profession in Australia. It is observed since 2004, that there is an increase in the role of PN in chronic disease management. Moreover, nutrition is the vital component of management and prevention of chronic illness. Consequently, this study aims to develop the strategy to enable PNs to provide adequate nutrition care. Literature review It has been estimated by Martin et al., (2014) that majority of practice nurses in Australia perceive that nutrition-focused training is essential to ensure that their practices are effective in increasing adherence to nutritional recommendations for patients. This article by Martin et al., (2014) has been selected for understanding the attitude of the practice nurses in Australia, in providing nutrition care to the patients with chronic illness. The study by Martin et al., (2014), has provided an abstract where the researcher has concisely summarized the aim, background, methodology and results obtained from the study. The researcher of this article has presented a clear introduction highlighting the identified problem related to nutrition care in Australia with facts. The literature provided in the introduction substantiates authors argument. The review, in the beginning, explains the relevance of the problem and rationalizes the emphasis laid upon practice nurses. The researcher has set a stage for the study by listing all the factors indicating the need of PNs in delivering nutrition-focused care and the positive aspects. The author has chosen practice nurses as a target population of study. The paper provides an adequate and convincing justification for this purpose stating that this group of health professionals has not been able to deliver effective nutrition-focused care. Relevant articles have not been used to suppor t the impact of inadequate nutrition care. This is the first article exploring the attitude and skills of PNs in providing nutrition care for chronic disease management. Therefore, the author could explain the literature gap in this area. It was found by the author that patients perceive involvement of PNs in managing chronic illness as sustainable and feasible. It was also found that a majority of the PNs failed to consider the nutritional aspect of patient care. Therefore, this helps in establishing a trend in the influencing factors of nursing attitude towards nutrition care. There is a lack of critical analysis of previous studies used in the literature review, which constitutes the drawback of the article. The literature synthesis in this article was sufficient to establish the problem. This study was relevant for an author, because, in Australia, there is a demand for PNs for delivering effective nutrition care. To fulfill this demand, the author found it essential to assess the attitudes, skills, and perceptions of the practices nurses in Australia. Overall, the literature was found to be relevant to the topic. The author has successfully carried out the progression formed by the review throughout the study. In this study, the online cross-sectional survey has been used by the author selecting 181 Australian PNs as the sample population. The selected nurses have been working between February to April 2013 in a general practice setting. The survey was developed by LimeSurvey version 1.9. The article Development of a measure of attitude toward nutrition in patient care" by McGaghie et al., (2001) appears to be seminal as this has been used by the author for developing the cross-sectional study. The questionnaire (primary instrument) was designed in a manner that assists in examining the factors that influence nutrition care of PNs. To ensure the validity of the data collected, Nutrition in Patient care Survey, tool has been used. McGaghie et al., (2001) as it has been found to be reliable in other studies, used the same. It was modified by adding additional questions to make it relevant to PNs. The questionnaire was divided into five sections containing 72 items to cover the broad spectrum of variables and measure nurses attitude with sufficient sensitivity. The articles were related to demographics, GP behaviour, perceptions of PNs on their role and responsibility towards the provision of nutrition care, promoting change to patients, and their view of continuing professional development (CPD) activities. The article does not discuss the sampling method, which is the other observed drawback. The author has calculated the descriptive statistic for each survey item. The autho r has tested the survey sample for its representation of PN workforce in Australia. Further, the author has explored the association of demographic characteristics between respondents and the responses to the survey item. The data collected was tested for statistical significance set at P 0.05. Therefore, this ensures internal validity and reliability of the data. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS statistical software package version 19. Overall, the methodology is clearly laid out in this research paper. It acts as a template that can be replicated in future studies with sufficient ease. Martin et al., (2014) has invited the nurses through e-Newsletters of the major Australian practice nurse associations briefly explaining the purpose of the research and assuring confidentiality of the matter which is considered to be the chief priority of ethics (Hartas, 2015). Thus, the researcher has upheld the rights of informed consent. It was declared in the paper that the "Griffith University Human Research Ethics Committee (Protocol Number PBH/08/13/HREC) approved the research, and there were no conflicts of interests. The results revealed that 89% of the PNs perceive diet as an important factor to be addressed during chronic disease management. More than half of the PNs that is 61% were unsure if their practices have breached the compliance to nutritional recommendations of the patients and 98% of the PNs believe that the nutrition-focused training and education program would increase the effectiveness of their nutrition care. Further, the author has also identified that family commitment, lack of time, traveling issues, a high cost of activities as significant barriers that prevented CPD activities among the PNs. These results are a significant contribution to the literature since it indicates the lack of training being the crucial factor influencing the delivery of nutrition care. The result section is well presented with tabular charts to allow readers grab a clear understanding of the outcome. These findings are highly relevant for policy makers, health professionals, intending to develop the effective strategy for enhancing nutrition care. Reflective critique The research has been relevant in identifying the factors affecting nutrition care among nurses. The results make a unique contribution as it is found that nurses have a positive attitude towards enhancing nutrition care, and they are seeking for education and training to obtain best outcomes. Therefore, it implies that delivering appropriate intervention addressing the issues and needs of the nurses will reduce the barriers. However, as a critique of the research article, I will recommend the researcher to conduct the qualitative assessment personally interviewing individual nurses and dieticians about their attitude in this problem area. Application of appropriate improvement approach Currently, there is no data available regarding effective interventions being implemented in Australia to help dietitians or nurses in enhancing nutrition care. The training and education for improving nutrition care are likely to be implemented successfully for PNs to provide effective nutrition care for patients with chronic illness. The result obtained from Martin et al., (2014) will be exposed to the policy makers and health professionals to push for the training process. The training will be sustained if it is compatible with the hospital priorities. The program will be timely evaluated collecting feedback from the nurses and the patient to assess the merits, demerits and the success of the program in its execution and implementation. Positive feedback will indicate the effectiveness of the strategy. A project including the unit team and implementation team will be prepared to state plans for implementing the effective intervention for enhancing nutrition care. The team will rea ch consensus with developed questions such as How should the nurses identify the best dietary requirement for individual patient's condition? How can the nurses ensure that their practices meet the compliance of the nutritional recommendation of the patient? Further, a structure will be prepared for implementing the training program. This includes evaluation of risks, scheduled protocols, the intervention that will deal with the issues and post-intervention assessment. The component of the program will be modified as per individual patient's condition. It is anticipated that this strategy will be successful as nurses are positive in their attitude. Further, feedback will be utilized to enhance the desired outcomes. References Agarwal, E., Ferguson, M., Banks, M., Batterham, M., Bauer, J., Capra, S., Isenring, E. (2012). Nutrition care practices in hospital wards: results from the Nutrition Care Day Survey 2010.Clinical nutrition,31(6), 995-1001. Ball, L., Desbrow, B., Leveritt, M. (2014). An exploration of individuals preferences for nutrition care from Australian primary care health professionals.Australian Journal of Primary Health,20(1), 113-120. Beattie, E., O'Reilly, M., Strange, E., Franklin, S., Isenring, E. (2014). How much do residential aged care staff members know about the nutritional needs of residents?.International journal of older people nursing,9(1), 54-64. Buxton, C., Davies, A. (2013). Nutritional knowledge levels of nursing students in a tertiary institution: Lessons for curriculum planning.Nurse education in practice,13(5), 355-360. Evert, A. B., Boucher, J. L., Cypress, M., Dunbar, S. A., Franz, M. J., Mayer-Davis, E. J., ... Yancy, W. S. (2014). Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes.Diabetes care,37(Supplement 1), S120-S143. Franz, M. J., Powers, M. A., Leontos, C., Holzmeister, L. A., Kulkarni, K., Monk, A., ... Gradwell, E. (2010). The evidence for medical nutrition therapy for type 1 and type 2 diabetes in adults.Journal of the American Dietetic Association,110(12), 1852-1889. Hartas, D. (Ed.). (2015).Educational research and inquiry: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Bloomsbury Publishing. Kiss, C. M., Byham-Gray, L., Denmark, R., Loetscher, R., Brody, R. A. (2012). The impact of implementation of a nutrition support algorithm on nutrition care outcomes in an intensive care unit.Nutrition in Clinical Practice,27(6), 793-801. Kris-Etherton, P. M., Akabas, S. R., Bales, C. W., Bistrian, B., Braun, L., Edwards, M. S., ... Pratt, C. A. (2014). The need to advance nutrition education in the training of health care professionals and recommended research to evaluate implementation and effectiveness.The American journal of clinical nutrition,99(5), 1153S-1166S. Martin, L., Leveritt, M. D., Desbrow, B., Ball, L. E. (2014). The self-perceived knowledge, skills and attitudes of Australian practice nurses in providing nutrition care to patients with chronic disease.Family practice,31(2), 201-208. McGaghie, W. C., Van Horn, L., Fitzgibbon, M., Telser, A., Thompson, J. A., Kushner, R. F., Prystowsky, J. B. (2001). Development of a measure of attitude toward nutrition in patient care.American journal of preventive medicine,20(1), 15-20. Schaller, C., James, E. L. (2005). The nutritional knowledge of Australian nurses.Nurse Education Today,25(5), 405-412. Martin, L., Leveritt, M. D., Desbrow, B., Ball, L. E. (2014). The self-perceived knowledge, skills and attitudes of Australian practice nurses in providing nutrition care to patients with chronic disease.Family practice,31(2), 201-208.

Robert Merton Theory Essay Example

Robert Merton Theory Paper It is rightfully argued that crime, whether or not in a contemporary society, is an extremely complex and multi-faceted Phenomena that has puzzled academics for many years. Theories that aim to rationalise the causes of crime and understand the origin of criminal behaviour are often criticised for being too biased or deterministic in their research studies. Many have been of great influence and seen to explain (to an extent) the cause of crime but none has fully decoded the mystery of why people commit crime. Mertons anomie theory aimed at explaining deviance from a ociological perspective as opposed to previous academic theories on crime and criminals. The first well known study of crime and criminals is that of one who is often referred to as the father of criminology, Cesar Lombroso. Lombrosos argument was based around the Darwinian theory of human evolution and his theory argued that criminals were a throw back to an earlier period of human progression. In other words, they were less evolved humans, with visible physical features such as large ears and big lips. His theory suggested that criminals were born and not made therefore, where genetically prone to criminality. Mertons argument was to the contrary. Rather than observing the individual criminal as being subhuman, he questioned societies influence on the individual. In his 1968 book, Merton argued that it no longer appears to be so obvious that man is set against society in an unceasing war between biological impulse and social restraint. The image of man as an untamed bundle of impulses begins to look like a caricature rather than a portrait. Sociological theories on crime and deviance, have always disagreed with the idea of biology being the cause of societies problems and thus, would rather emphasize the nfluence of external societal factors on the causes of crime. Individual differences are often disputed or ignored, and the explanation of the overall collective behaviour is seen to correlate with the influence of institutions. Being a sociologist, Mertons Anomie (or strain) Theory also attempts to rationalise and understand crime from such a social perspective. We will write a custom essay sample on Robert Merton Theory specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Robert Merton Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Robert Merton Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In his theory, which, is an adaptation of Durkheims earlier theory of anomie, Merton suggests that for most, deviance and criminality does not stem from pathological personalities but from the culture and structure of society itself2. Mertons strain theory is an adaptation of Durkheims earlier theory of anomie, which described a period of normlessness when the general value consensus was lost and people didnt know the parameters of acceptable behaviour. Unlike Durkheim however, Merton argued that anomie was not brought about by a sudden social change but by a society which assigns the same goals to all its members but affords them unequal opportunities to attain these goals. For Merton, irrespective of the role of biological impulses, there still remained the further question of why it is hat the frequency of deviant behaviour varies within different social structures and how it happens that the deviations have different shapes and patterns in different social structures. The new adapted theory employs this functionalist idea of social norms and values and suggests that people become deviant when they cannot fulfil societies expected of success through the normal, accepted, legal channels such as education, talent and hard work. Being an American sociologist, Merton utilized the idea of the idea of the American dream to illustrate his theory. Contemporary American culture appears to approximate the polar type in which great emphasis upon certain success goals occurs without emphasis upon institutional means. -Merton 1968 According to the American dream, everyone in the American society is equal as created by God. They all have not only the right, but the opportunity and ability to achieve great financial success through hard work and dedication. Mertons theory was simple- people are bombarded with such high expectations and strain is put upon them by society to succeed. Such success is measured by financial achievements and material wealth. The American dream states that everyone has the capability to own a Cadillac and a Beverly Hills mansion. but little attention is given to the accepted institutionalised means of gaining them. Some are capable of achieving such success through the socially accepted means but due to the problem of societal inequality (observably, race and gender discrimination), not all will be given the opportunity to achieve such goals. Some that cant achieve these set goals in the legal way, will turn to illegal alternatives. Merton understood the importance of individual differences however and importantly oted the fact that not everyone that was unable to achieve societys goals through the accepted means turned to deviance. His primary aim therefore, was to understand why some people conformed to the socially accepted methodology and others didnt, or became deviant. People react to societies strains in different ways and for Merton, these individual differences could be summed up in 5 groups; conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion. Individuals who fall under the conformity genre accept both the goals as well as the set methods for achieving those goals. They are the academics and those who follow the required means of achieving success. They may not always achieve the American dream but they reach a level of self sustenance which is respected. Those who are classed in Mertons innovation concept, are creators or innovators. Although they are unable to achieve societal goals through the set means, they accept the goals but invent their own means of achieving them, often illegal ways. In ritualism, individuals abandon the goals they once believed to be within their reach and dedicate themselves to their current lifestyle. They play by the rules and have a aily safe routine. Retreatism is the reaction of those who reject both the goals and the means of achieving such goals. They often retreat into the world of alcoholism and drug addiction. They escape into a non-productive, non-striving lifestyle. Finally, rebellion is the mode in which individuals not only reject the required goals and accepted means but alienate themselves from them. They seek to create a society where a closer correspondence will be made between merit, effort and reward. The main part of Merton theory that relates to crime and criminal behaviour is his Innovators strata. This is where Merton highlights the origin of modern day criminality in the western world thus this will be the main focus of this essay. Innovators, as stated above, are those who invent their own (illegal) means of achieving societys success. They are the fraudsters, drug dealers, muggers, embezzlers and even white collar criminals. It is agreeable that many monetary crimes are committed due to financial reward and his theory carries its greatest strength in its explanation of economic and white collar crime. Merton argued that the idea of the skys the limit encourage people hat already have wealth to continue to seek more. This is also seen in large corporations where businesses are expected to continue to make a profit and the businessmen cross the blurred line of what is and isnt legal in corporate finance. They become innovators as they try to find ways to improve their businesses. Indeed, this applies equally well to Britain, especially in light of the competitive market created by Thatcher in the `80s. However, where Mertons theory succeeds in explaining crime for economic gain, it fails in its explanation of other ypes of crime which are widespread in the UK. A research study that supports an element of Mertons theory is that of John M. Hagedorn. In his 1987 study entitled Homeboys, Dope fiends, Legits and New Jacks, Hagedorn interviewed 47 members of 19 Milwaukee male and female gangs. Although Merton fails to address gang crime in his theory, this study shows some understanding of anomie. The drug dealers and criminals in the gang claimed society had failed them through racism and discrimination. The only way to make a good living according to the gang members, was from the streets.

Free Essays on The Roots Of Communist China

To say that the Chinese Communist revolution is a non-Western revolution is more than a clich‚. That revolution has been primarily directed, not like the French Revolution but against alien Western influences that approached the level of domination and drastically altered China's traditional relationship with the world. Hence the Chinese Communist attitude toward China's traditional past is selectively critical, but by no means totally hostile. The Chinese Communist revolution, and the foreign policy of the regime to which it has given rise, have several roots, each of which is embedded in the past more deeply than one would tend to expect of a movement seemingly so convulsive. The Chinese superiority complex institutionalized in their tributary system was justified by any standards less advanced or efficient than those of the modern West. China developed an elaborate and effective political system resting on a remarkable cultural unity, the latter in turn being due mainl y to the general acceptance of a common, although difficult, written language and a common set of ethical and social values, known as Confucianism. Traditional china had neither the knowledge nor the power that would have been necessary to cope with the superior science, technology, economic organization, and military force that expanding West brought to bear on it. The general sense of national weakness and humiliation was rendered still keener by a unique phenomenon, the modernization of Japan and its rise to great power status. Japan's success threw China's failure into sharp remission. The Japanese performance contributed to the discrediting and collapse of China's imperial system, but it did little to make things easier for the subsequent successor. The Republic was never able to achieve territorial and national unity in the face of bad communications and the widespread diffusion of modern arms throughout the country. Lacking internal authority, it did... Free Essays on The Roots Of Communist China Free Essays on The Roots Of Communist China To say that the Chinese Communist revolution is a non-Western revolution is more than a clich‚. That revolution has been primarily directed, not like the French Revolution but against alien Western influences that approached the level of domination and drastically altered China's traditional relationship with the world. Hence the Chinese Communist attitude toward China's traditional past is selectively critical, but by no means totally hostile. The Chinese Communist revolution, and the foreign policy of the regime to which it has given rise, have several roots, each of which is embedded in the past more deeply than one would tend to expect of a movement seemingly so convulsive. The Chinese superiority complex institutionalized in their tributary system was justified by any standards less advanced or efficient than those of the modern West. China developed an elaborate and effective political system resting on a remarkable cultural unity, the latter in turn being due mainl y to the general acceptance of a common, although difficult, written language and a common set of ethical and social values, known as Confucianism. Traditional china had neither the knowledge nor the power that would have been necessary to cope with the superior science, technology, economic organization, and military force that expanding West brought to bear on it. The general sense of national weakness and humiliation was rendered still keener by a unique phenomenon, the modernization of Japan and its rise to great power status. Japan's success threw China's failure into sharp remission. The Japanese performance contributed to the discrediting and collapse of China's imperial system, but it did little to make things easier for the subsequent successor. The Republic was never able to achieve territorial and national unity in the face of bad communications and the widespread diffusion of modern arms throughout the country. Lacking internal authority, it did...

The Use of Vitamin Supplements essays

The Use of Vitamin Supplements essays The majority of Americans today lead a very fast paced and unhealthy lifestyle. Many times this type of lifestyle causes people to forget how important a balanced diet is. Also a lack of time drives them to fast food windows. This has caused many health conscious people to begin taking vitamin supplements. On one hand, it is good that people are trying to take care of their health and their bodies, but is supplementation really the answer? Many Americans have now begun to use supplements or multivitamins as a crutch, or an excuse to not change their eating habits. Can supplements or multivitamins make up for poor eating habits? Multivitamins and other vitamin supplements can only go so far. Taking a multivitamin to ensure that you are getting the recommended daily value is probably a safe choice, as long as it is accompanied by a balanced diet. Vitamin supplementation could be a good thing on an individual level; for example if the person is anemic, taking an iron supplement may be in order. Can an individual solely rely on supplements and be healthy. Many believe that supplements can not provide a healthy diet as they do not have phytochemicals, such as color, taste, and aroma, which when lacking can affect a persons health. The problem of using supplements in place of a balanced diet should be explored further as more Americans are engaging in poor eating habits. Many of these are due to circumstances beyond their control. These circumstances lead them to supplement use an, easy way out. ...

IT Infrastructure Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

IT Infrastructure - Research Paper Example reason behind this is because as a business, there are various problems that come with embracing the cloud, hence the needs to be aware of such problems. The requirements of an organization have to be identified when incorporating cloud technology. As Hosseini and Sriram indicate, cloud technologies have to be paired in line with certain needs of the business for there to be a successful path for cloud acceptance. To create an IT infrastructure which is successful in a start-up company, Banerjee indicates that it is crucial to understand the main aspects that make the firm’s IT successful and intelligent. An organization should have an IT infrastructure which is dependable, as this will assist it in yielding more applications that are dependable. The IT infrastructure should also be manageable, which means that it should respond automatically to failures of hardware without the presence of the CIO. It should also be adaptable, in that when there are new applications that are developed, it has to adapt to the environment which allows it to be deployed easily. Lastly, the infrastructure has to be affordable for an organization which is new in the market. Hence, the most crucial characteristic to consider in the case of a start up organization would be

Research of Dissertation Problem Statements Essay

Research of Dissertation Problem Statements - Essay Example The patients were selected on the basis of their and birth weight and the diagnosis of RDS of prematu ­rity. There is no reference in the work regarding the randomization of the treatments. However the statement that all the neonatal who suffered from RDS were treated with the new ventilatory strategy for 24 months points towards a wide range of population. All the 72 patients included in the study were properly accounted for at the conclusion of the trial as data on gestational age, birth weight gender, incidence of prenatal steroid treatment, low Apgar score at 1 and 5 minutes, and severity of RDS of prematurity were recorded and analysed in the case of all the 72 patients. There is no reference to the homogeneity of the group in the trial. However as the basic differences on gestational age, birth weight gender, incidence of prenatal steroid treatment, low Apgar score at 1 and 5 minutes, and severity of RDS were accounted for as variables in the study and thus wont affect the pr ecision of the result. The trial addressed a clearly focused issue that whether the improved pulmonary out ­come and less lung injury persisted (outcome) in the infants who had respiratory distress syndrome(population) and were exposed to high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) in comparison with the infants exposed to conventional ventilation (CV) (intervention). The trial was a follow up design of a previous multicenter controlled clinical trial in which surfac ­tant-heated premature newborns with moderate to se ­vere respiratory distress syndrome were randomly assigned to early treatment with high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) or to conventional ventilation (CV). Compared with control infants who were treated with CV, neonates who were treated with HFOV using a strategy designed to recruit and maintain lung volume and

Beowul, Hygelac & Hrothgar Essay Example for Free

Beowul, Hygelac Hrothgar Essay The Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf contains accounts of several powerful men, the three most important ones being Beowulf, Hrothgar and Hygelac. Hygelac, king of the Geats, is Beowulf’s uncle. Beowulf is, therefore, both Hygelac’s nephew and his thane. He comes to aid Hrothgar, king of Denmark, when the latter is experiencing difficulties that have the power to destroy his kingdom: the monster Grendel has been attacking Hrothgar’s mead-hall Heorot regularly for a long time, and Beowulf is the only man who can put an end to this misery. In many ways, these three old English heroes are similar in character, both in their earlier years and when they have grown old. One thing the gentlemen have in common is the fact that they were all brave warriors when they were young. Hrothgar only became king after his bravery in battle had been established: â€Å"The fortunes of war favored Hrothgar. Friends and kinsmen flocked to his ranks†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (line 64-5). Hygelac is described as a â€Å"battle-famed king† (l. 2190), indicating that he too had to obtain renown in battle before being allowed to rule the Geats. Beowulf also had a share in victorious battles. Before he sailed to Denmark, he had already fought many a time. â€Å"‘(†¦) I am Hygelac’s kinsman, one of his hall-troop. When I was younger, I had great triumphs.’† (l. 406-9). His real fame, however, came with his defeating Grendel and subsequently the latter’s mother. â€Å"‘(†¦) Beowulf, my friend, your fame has gone far and wide, you are known everywhere.’† (l. 1699-1705). Another shared characteristic is their self-confidence, which is depicted in descriptive passages about how they made their way in battle: they were fearless and relied wholly on their own strength. For example, Beowulf is at one point described as â€Å"the sure-footed fighter† (l. 1543), indicating that he believes himself to be equal to the challenge he faces. This self-reliance has much to do with their pride: they were all proud men. This is shown, for example, during Beowulf’s boasts in the mead-hall. â€Å"(†¦) Beowulf, that prince of goodness, proudly asserted: ‘When it comes to fighting, I count myself as dangerous any day as Grendel.’† (l. 675-8). The aspect of self-confidence is entwined with the fact that they were very loyal warriors as well. In order to come across truly loyal and honourable, men had to depict an image of themselves that would live up to expectations. In short, they had to boast, make good on those boasts, follow their lords anywhere and anytime and be familiar with the required courtesies of the time. Although it is not literally stated in the text that Hrothgar and Hygelac were faithful thanes, it may be inferred from the descriptions of their loyal character when they are kings. That is to say, it seems the three men do not change much when they become kings, so it may be assumed that they were loyal both when they were young and when they were older. Next to being faithful to either their lords or their thanes, they were also faithful to God. Some characteristics reveal that they have not abandoned pagan morale altogether: â€Å"Hygelac’s kinsman kept thinking about his name and fame: he never lost his heart.† (l. 1529-30). The importance of winning glory in battle is associated with pagans. However, on the whole the three kings can be said to be Christians. â€Å"’And may the Divine Lord in His wisdom grant the glory of victory to whichever side He sees fit.’† (l. 685-7). Apart from having been warriors, they have all been kings as well. Moreover, they were very similar kings: all three men were good and loyal rulers. â€Å"’Hygelac may be young to rule a nation, but this much is known about the king of the Geats: he will come to my aid and want to support me by word and action in your hour of need, when honor dictates that I raise a hedge of spears around you.’† (l. 1830-5). As Beowulf states, Hygelac would aid him in any way he could because he is such a devoted lord. Also, the kings were very generous. â€Å"(†¦) Hrothgar’s generosity was praised repeatedly.† (l. 1884-5). It was very important for a king to reward his thanes properly, and Hrothgar, Hygelac and Beowulf are all very open-handed. Furthermore, all kings are described as being perfectly capable of ruling their kingdom. Even when, for example, Hrothgar seems unable to control the chaos Grendel created, it is said that â€Å"(†¦) there was no laying of blame on their lord, the noble Hrothgar; he was a good king.† (l. 861-2). To conclude, Hrothgar, Hygelac and Beowulf are very similar characters. Both as warriors and as kings many parallels can be found. The main characteristics they share are loyalty, bravery, pride and their belief in Christianity. Their reputations are well established, both in the story and outside of it: in the mainly fictive world of the poem, their names will not be forgotten, but readers of the poem nowadays will remember them just as well.

Alice Walkers In Search of Our Mothers Gardens and Virginia Woolfs A

Alice Walker's In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens and Virginia Woolf's A Room of One's Own It is interesting to contrast the points of view of Alice Walker and Virgina Woolf on the same subject.  These writers display how versatile the English language can be. Alice Walker was born in 1944 as a farm girl in Georgia. Virginia Woolf was born in London in1882. They have both come to be highly recognized writers of their time, and they both have rather large portfolios of work. The scenes they might have grown up seeing and living through may have greatly influenced their views of subjects which they both seem to write about. In her essay "In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens," Alice Walker speaks first about the untouchable faith of the black women of the post-Reconstruction South. She speaks highly of the faith and undying hope of these women and their families. She even comes to recognize them as saints as she describes their faith as "so intense, deep, unconscious, the they themselves were unaware of the richness they held" (Walker 694). In a passage in which she speaks about the treatment and social status of the women of the sixteenth century, Woolf explains that a woman who might have had a truly great gift in this time "would have surely gone crazy, shot herself, or ended up in some lonely cottage on the outside of town, half witch, half wizard, feared and mocked" (Woolf 749). Her use of some of these powerful nominative shows that she feels strongly about what she is writing. Also for her, life growing up and stories she may have heard may have influenced this passage greatly. In her passage she imagines what it may have been like had William Shakespeare had a sister. She notices how difficult it would be even given... ...the first person and imagine the South very easily because of how descriptive she is in her narration. The reader of Woolf's essay clearly can understand and come to realize the unfairness and downright cruelty of the pure neglect of hidden talent among many women throughout time. She does this through simply telling a good story. This perhaps shows that Virginia Woolf may have been fond of Walker's work. Woolf chooses to clearly state and agree with the same points Walker makes and shows the ideas in a different light because indeed she is a different person with different attributes. This shows up dominantly in her rewriting of Walker's "In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens." Works Cited: Walker, Alice. In Search of Our Mother's Gardens. New York: Harcourt Brace Javanovich, 1983. Woolf, Virginia. A Room of One's Own. San Diego, Calif. : Harvest-HBJ, 1989.

DBQ- Gin Act of 1751 Essay

In mid-eighteenth century England, Parliament passed the Gin Act of 1751, which restricted the sale of gin through increased retail license requirements and higher taxes on such liquor. This measure was enacted to reduce the consumption of spirits and the subsequent crime it engendered. Indeed, gin production increased nearly 500% from 1701 to 1751. However, the general populace became engaged in a fierce debate for and against the new legislation. While authors, artists, and religious leaders argued for the act, economists, businessmen, and landowners argued against it with equal fervor. Meanwhile, politicians were torn amongst themselves over the situation at hand. Each group held the position it did for either intrinsic or extrinsic reasons, usually but not always to serve their own best interests. Authors, artists, religious leaders, and certain politicians all supported the Gin Act of 1751, but each for individual motives. For example, one anonymous author described gin drinkers as â€Å"poor ragged people, cursing and quarreling with one another†, in clear correlation with his book’s title, Distilled Liquors: The Bane of the Nations (1736). His passion against gin was predictably conceived from painful firsthand experience in the London city streets. This sentiment is echoed in a different author’s similar observation. From a 1747 excerpt of The London Tradesman, he laments that society is caught in a vicious cycle of drunkenness, impossible to break. Both authors derive concern from a genuine desire to improve the human condition. However, the same cannot be said for artist William Hogarth in his opposing pictures, Gin Lane (1751) and Beer Street (1750). Because he was commissioned to create this anti-gin propaganda, his motives were purely business-ori ented. Nonetheless, people in Beer Street are portrayed as happy, healthy, and prosperous, while those in Gin Lane are scrawny, lazy, and careless. Another anti-gin activist was religious leader, John Wesley, who also possessed an alterior motive for his platform. To maintain a positive image for the newly founded Methodist church, Wesley deemed it necessary for its members to be pious, God-fearing, and sober. Additional supporters of the gin act included certain politicians whose government positions were contingent upon their ability to foresee the long-term effects of major legislation, such as the gin act. Such politicians, including county magistrates from Middlesex and Lord Lonsdale, held the opinion that gin was a destructive vice that rendered citizens unfit for any useful purpose in society. By that logic, they concluded the gin act to be a necessary and justified law that posterity would look well upon. In contrast, economists, businessmen, landowners, and other politicians rejected the Gin Act of 1751, but again for different reasons. Economists, such as Daniel Defoe, represented the anti-gin act platform on the grounds that gin was essential to â€Å"support the landed interest† and reduce England’s grain surplus. However, Defoe’s opinion may have differed had he not been a wealthy man untouched by the horrors of city slums. Because of his detachment from common society, Defoe was only able to see the cold, scientific ramifications of decreased gin production. Such was also the case with William Pulteney, a rich landowner who petitioned Parliament for lesser restrictions on gin sale, because gin was a thriving business to which many owed their source of income. Still others protested the gin act for completely different reasons. In one businessman’s letter to an important gin distiller (1736), he voiced legitimate concern that high gin license fees would violate property rights and hurt the economy. This very issue was also raised by a member of Parliament (1736), who cited vast possible financial losses to the crown as a result of extortionate taxes. Lord Bathurst of Parliament rejected the gin act for yet another reason. He believed drinking in moderation was a necessary evil for the maintenance of sanity. However, he was oblivious to the fact that alcohol consumption of most English drunkards was anything but moderate. Altogether, the Gin Act of 1751 was a highly controversial piece of legislation among the English demographic. While authors, artists, religious leaders, and some politicians defended its morality, economists, businessmen, landowners, and other politicians attacked its potential threat to political and economic stability. However, the act was not repealed, since it took into account only those opposed to the sale and production of â€Å"this great evil†.

Defining Diversity: the Evolution of Diversity

DEFINING DIVERSITY: THE EVOLUTION OF DIVERSITY by Camille Kapoor 1. INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS DIVERSITY? The concept of diversity encompasses acceptance and respect. It means understanding that each individual is unique, and recognizing our individual differences. These can be along the dimensions of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, physical ability, religious beliefs, political beliefs, or other ideologies.It is the exploration of these differences in a safe, positive, and nurturing environment. It is about understanding each other and moving beyond simple tolerance to embracing and celebrating the rich dimensions of diversity within each individual (cited from http://gladstone. uoregon. edu/~asuomca/diversityinit/definition. html). 2. PURPOSE OF THE PAPER This research paper was conducted to see the evolution of diversity definition across the industry, specifically in hospitality industry.This qualitative research use Diversity Task Force study which conducted in 2001 to confirm the definition of diversity, whereby diversity can be concluded as â€Å"all characteristics and experiences that define each of us as individuals† (Kapoor, 2011). On top of that, the purpose of this study is: †¢ to illustrate the emergence of diversity concept into management discussions, †¢ to discuss how the definition of diversity has broadened over time to become more inclusive, †¢ to present current concerns with a broad-based diversity definition, †¢ to put forth researcher’s own definition of diversity (Kapoor, 2011) . DISCUSSION ON FINDINGS 3. 1 The Emergence of Diversity Concept into Management Discussions Based on the researcher’s findings, the entrance of diversity concept into management discussions was traced as early as 1978 based on Supreme Court Case of Regents of Universiy of California v. Bakke. In 1987, report by Hudson Institute known as Workforce 2000 stated that women, blacks, Hispanic s and immigrants would make up 85 percent of new job seekers by the year 2000.In addition, this study also pointed out, â€Å"more and more individuals are likely to work with people who are demographically different from them in terms of age, gender, race and ethnicity†. The formulation of 1964 Civil Rights Acts, Executive Order 11246 and Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) in 1965 made it illegal for companies to discriminate in the hiring or managing employees on the basis of race, colour, religion, sex or national origin.It is also requires organization to take affirmative action to overcome past patterns of discrimination. In the following year, the protected classes expanded to include white women, veterans, people over the age of 40 and people with physical or mental disabilities. In 1990’s, researchers began promoting the â€Å"business case† for diversity; as part of the reaction of observation that more diverse workforce can enhance the over all business.Then, managing diversity become one of the economic interest and companies were warned that a failure to effectively manage their diverse workforce would lead to poor performance or even place the company’s image at risk. In late 1990s, the recognition that diversity is a reality can be seen and that a company’s successes rely on their ability to effectively manage their workforce diversity. Managing diversity focuses on understanding people as individuals, rather than making assumptions about the needs and potential of individuals based on whether that person is of a specific gender or ethnic group.Managing diversity could also be understood as an equality strategy because it claimed to be able to recognize employee’s differences, while ensuring â€Å"that policies and procedures did not treat them inequitably†. The above emergence on diversity concept further confirmed by Hanappi-Egger and Ukur (2011) in below summary table of National form s of diversity management. This research summarizes the evolution or evolvement of diversity management cross the world.Table 1: National Forms of Diversity Management |Mobility of diversity management across borders | |Concept |Affirmative action |Equal Employment |Diversity management |Business case for diversity | | | |Opportunities | |management | |Year of Inception Mid 1960s and early 1980s |Mid 1970s to early 1990s |1983 to 1990s |1990 | |Countries that adopted |USA 1961 |USA, Canada, UK, Australia, |1983-1990 in the US |1990-USA | | |South Africa 1998 |South Africa |1997 in the UK |2004-Australia | | |Kenya 2007 | |1998 in the South Africa | | | | | |1999 in Australia | | | | | |2000 in Europe | | | | | |2003 in Asia | | |Intended beneficiaries |Blacks, women, Hispanics, |Women, racial minorities, |White able-bodied males, |Corporate organizations | | |native Americans, Asians |persons with disabilities, |also non-traditional | | | | |aboriginal people |employees | | |Focus | Numerical representation, |Barrier elimination, |Learning about others i. |Business and strategic | | |hiring compliance |numerical representation, |those who are different |advantage | | | |reporting | | | |Cultural value |Remedy past wrongs |Egalitarianism, meritocracy |Inclusiveness, respect for |Business advantage | | | | |difference | | |Intended value |Representative workforce at |Fair employment policies and|Awareness of difference; |Business profits | | |all levels; access to |practices; improved |improved interpersonal and | | | |employment for disadvantaged|representation; supportive |intergroup communication; | | | |groups |climate |human relations, skills; | | | | | |attitude change | |Source: Adopted from Hanappi-Egger and Ukur (2011); data obtained partly from Kelly/Dobbin (1998) and Agocs/Burr (1996) 3. 2 How the Definition of Diversity Broadened Over Time According to this research, there were two general approaches to understand workforce diversity being developed i n mid-2000s as below: †¢ Narrow View – define diversity only as it related to equal employment opportunity and affirmative action; focusing on recruiting and hiring a group of people of particular races, genders or cultures. †¢ Broad View – define diversity as a concept which includes every way in which people can differ; attempts to maximizing the potential of all employees in direct benefit to the organization.However, the above definition of diversity further expanded when Diversity Task Force conducted a study in 2001 which emphasize on: †¢ The importance of including secondary dimensions of an individual into the diversity definition such as communication style, work style, organizational role/level, economic status, and geographic origin; besides only focusing on primary dimensions such as race, ethnicity, gender, age, religion, disability and sexual orientation. †¢ The focus on people with non-visible differences such as sexual orientation. H owever, the focus is more on how their thinking styles, problem solving approaches, experiences, competencies, work habits, and management style can contribute to diversity evolution. †¢ The importance to include diversity dimensions which relevant to workplace such as educational background, work experience, job status, tenure, learning style, and personality type. †¢ The differences even within the particular group.All the above evolution in diversity definition further supported and expanded in The Four Layers of Diversity dimensions by Gardenswartz and Rowe (2003). Compared to Narrow View and Board View approached established in mid-2000s to define diversity, The Four Layers of Diversity explained below dimensions in defining diversity: †¢ Personality – deals with the stable set of characteristics that establishes ones identity †¢ Internal Dimension – represents characteristics that strongly influence people’s attitude, perception and exp ectations of others. These include factors such as age, gender, race, sexual orientation, or ethnicity †¢ External Dimension – represents personal traits that we can exert control or influence over.They include factors such as income, personal and recreational habits, religion, education, work experience, appearance, marital status and geographical location †¢ Organizational Dimension – represents factors pertaining to the organization itself and includes work field, division or unit, seniority, union affiliation, management status and functional level. (Hanappi-Egger and Ukur, 2011) 3. 3 Current Concerns With a Broad-based Diversity Definition This research also highlights some concerns pertaining to broad-based diversity definition in current environment: †¢ Difficulty to implement diversity initiatives lead to dissatisfaction among employees in the organization. Broad definitions of diversity can â€Å"obscure issues of intergroup inequality† b ecause the management put more focus on â€Å"managing individual differences that might contaminate intergroup relations. †¢ Promotions on diversity programs is yet to prove its effectiveness; especially in diversity training.The result of the research conducted before were still ambiguous in its conclusions. †¢ Initial intention of the management to adopt a more broadly defined approach to diversity management become a problem when employee perceive it as management is dealing with individual differences rather than equity. †¢ The â€Å"upbeat naivety† of the diversity paradigm may fail to acknowledge past discrimination and therefore may prevent organizations from preventing future discrimination and racism stated that the organization should acknowledge the cultural and social diversity of where the organization exists; so that the management able to develop proper and suitable diversity initiatives. 4.Researcher’s Own Definition of Diversity as Con clusion Based on the study conducted, the researcher concludes that the finding is able to confirm the definition of diversity as per The Diversity Task Force’s definition that is â€Å"all characteristics and experiences that define each of us as individuals†. However, the researcher has highlighted some concerns with broad definition of diversity; that discrimination might appear unintentionally as a result of primary and secondary dimensions of diversity. Further, it is also emphasized the importance of recognizing that individuals with similar primary dimensions may have very different secondary dimensions.

Free Essays on Apollo 13

Description Apollo 13 was intended to be the third mission to carry humans to the surface of the Moon, but an explosion of one of the oxygen tanks and resulting damage to other systems resulted in the mission being aborted before the planned lunar landing could take place. The crew, commander James A. Lovell, Jr., command module pilot John L. Swigert, Jr., and lunar module pilot Fred W. Haise Jr., were returned safely to Earth on 17 April 1970. Mission Profile Apollo 13 was launched on Saturn V SA-508 on 11 April 1970 at 19:13:00 UT (02:13:00 p.m. EST) from pad 39A at Kennedy Space Center. During second stage boost the center engine of the S-II stage cut off 132 seconds early, causing the remaining four engines to burn 34 seconds longer than normal. The velocity after S-II burn was still lower than planned by 68 m/sec, so the S-IVB orbital insertion burn at 19:25:40 was 9 seconds longer than planned. Translunar injection took place at 21:54:47 UT, CSM/S-IVB separation at 22:19:39 UT, and CSM-LM docking at 22:32:09 UT. The S-IVB auxilliary propulsive system burned at 01:13 UT on 12 April for 217 seconds to put the S-IVB into a lunar impact trajectory. (It impacted the lunar surface on 14 April at 01:09:41.0 at 2.75 S, 27.86 W with a velocity of 2.58 km/s at a 76 degrees angle from horizontal.) A 3.4 second mid-course correction was made at 01:27 UT on 13 April. A television broadcast was made from Apollo 13 from 02:24 UT to 02:59 UT on 14 April and a few minutes later, at 03:06:18 UT Jack Swigert turned the fans on to stir oxygen tanks 1 and 2 in the service module. The Accident Review Board concluded that wires which had been damaged during pre-flight testing in oxygen tank no. 2 shorted and the teflon insulation caught fire. The fire spread within the tank, raising the pressure until at 3:07:53 UT on 14 April (10:07:53 EST 13 April; 55:54:53 mission elapsed time) oxygen tank no. 2 exploded, damaging oxygen tank no. 1 and the... Free Essays on Apollo 13 Free Essays on Apollo 13 Description Apollo 13 was intended to be the third mission to carry humans to the surface of the Moon, but an explosion of one of the oxygen tanks and resulting damage to other systems resulted in the mission being aborted before the planned lunar landing could take place. The crew, commander James A. Lovell, Jr., command module pilot John L. Swigert, Jr., and lunar module pilot Fred W. Haise Jr., were returned safely to Earth on 17 April 1970. Mission Profile Apollo 13 was launched on Saturn V SA-508 on 11 April 1970 at 19:13:00 UT (02:13:00 p.m. EST) from pad 39A at Kennedy Space Center. During second stage boost the center engine of the S-II stage cut off 132 seconds early, causing the remaining four engines to burn 34 seconds longer than normal. The velocity after S-II burn was still lower than planned by 68 m/sec, so the S-IVB orbital insertion burn at 19:25:40 was 9 seconds longer than planned. Translunar injection took place at 21:54:47 UT, CSM/S-IVB separation at 22:19:39 UT, and CSM-LM docking at 22:32:09 UT. The S-IVB auxilliary propulsive system burned at 01:13 UT on 12 April for 217 seconds to put the S-IVB into a lunar impact trajectory. (It impacted the lunar surface on 14 April at 01:09:41.0 at 2.75 S, 27.86 W with a velocity of 2.58 km/s at a 76 degrees angle from horizontal.) A 3.4 second mid-course correction was made at 01:27 UT on 13 April. A television broadcast was made from Apollo 13 from 02:24 UT to 02:59 UT on 14 April and a few minutes later, at 03:06:18 UT Jack Swigert turned the fans on to stir oxygen tanks 1 and 2 in the service module. The Accident Review Board concluded that wires which had been damaged during pre-flight testing in oxygen tank no. 2 shorted and the teflon insulation caught fire. The fire spread within the tank, raising the pressure until at 3:07:53 UT on 14 April (10:07:53 EST 13 April; 55:54:53 mission elapsed time) oxygen tank no. 2 exploded, damaging oxygen tank no. 1 and the...

When the Recession of the Late 2000s Began and Ended

When the Recession of the Late 2000s Began and Ended The recession that began in the late 2000s was, to date, the worst economic downturn in the United States since the Great Depression. They didnt call it the Great Recession for nothing. So how long did the recession last? When did it begin? When did it end? How did the length of the recession compare to previous recessions? See more: Even in Recession, Congress Pay Grew Heres a brief Q and A on the recession. When did the Great Recession begin? December 2007, according to the National Bureau of Economic Research, a private, nonprofit research group. When did the Great Recession end? June 2009, though lingering effects such as high unemployment continued to plague the United States well beyond that date. In determining that a trough occurred in June 2009, the committee did not conclude that economic conditions since that month have been favorable or that the economy has returned to operating at normal capacity, the NBER reported in September 2010. Rather, the committee determined only that the recession ended and a recovery began in that month. And a slow recovery it would be. How does the committee define a recession and a recovery? A recession is a period of falling economic activity spread across the economy, lasting more than a few months, normally visible in real GDP, real income, employment, industrial production, and wholesale-retail sales, NBER said. The trough marks the end of the declining phase and the start of the rising phase of the business cycle. Economic activity is typically below normal in the early stages of an expansion, and it sometimes remains so well into the expansion. How does the length of the Great Recession compare to past downturns? The recession lasted 18 months, making it the longest of any recession since World War II, according to the committee. Previously the longest postwar recessions were those of 1973-75 and 1981-82, both of which lasted 16 months. When and for how long did the other modern recessions occur? The recession of 2001 lasted eight months, from March through November of that year. The recession of the early 1990s also lasted eight months, from July 1990 through March 1991. The recession of the early 1980s lasted 16 months, from July 1981 through November 1982. How did the government deal with the Great Recession? In order to deal with the nation’s worst economic downturn since the Great Depression, Congress passed legislation that increased discretionary government spending in order to stimulate the economy. This legislation created programs ranging from financial assistance to large banks and car manufacturers to direct tax rebates for low-income households. In addition, Congress funded a series of massive â€Å"shovel-ready† public works projects, such as highway construction and improvement. At its peak, in early 2009, total discretionary government spending reached about $1.2 trillion in annual terms, or 7% of the nation’s total Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In other words, ending the Great Recession required spending a lot of money the government simply had not planned to spend. How did the Great Recession affect taxpayers? Recessions, especially â€Å"Great† ones, can be costly affairs for taxpayers. According to the Federal Reserve Board, the Great Recession raised the U.S. federal debt and fiscal deficit to record peacetime levels. The federal debt increased from 62% of the GDP in 2007 before the recession to over 100% in 2013, five years after the supposed end of the recession. Indeed, the effects of the Great Depression of 2008 will linger for years to come. Updated by Robert Longley

NKCC cotransporter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

NKCC cotransporter - Essay Example Of these NKCC1b is also known to be found in brain RNA (Gamba, 2005). It is noted here, though, that the two isoforms of the NKCC1 cotransporter is found only in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) as per research of Cutler and Cramb, 2002. Nevertheless, there is ample evidence that NKCC1, in human and other mammalian species, is functionally implicated in CNS cells. It is observed by Gamba, 2005, that the NKCC1 cotransporter is activated by receptors and assists in neurotransmission by driving anions into the cell. It is also observed by Strange et al, 2000, that the work of the NKCC1 cotransporter complements that of the KCC2 one. The choice of the culture medium, the neuronal-specific CAD cell line, and the somewhat CNS-specific NKCC1 dovetails perfectly for a research attempt that seeks to establish new facts on the molecular identity and other expression patterns of these unique electroneutral cotransporters in cells of the central nervous system (CNS). G. Gamba's excellent 200 5 review article on these cotransporters has been extensively used in this paper because it is the most comprehensive document prepared to date being inclusive of all aspects described so far. The cation-coupled (Sodium and ... The Cation-Coupled Cotransport System The cation-coupled (Sodium and Potassium cations only) chloride cotransporters are a unique transmembranal transport system that is electrically neutral yet very effective in action (Gamba, 2005). These cotransporters constitute a secondary transcellular transport system that complements the primary cation transcellular transport system - the one mediated by the enzyme --ATPase. In the primary system the mover is an electrochemical gradient while in this chloride cotransporter system there is no such gradient, the reason why it has acquired the electroneutral label, and imbalances in chloride anion concentrations between intracellular and extracellular media constitute the prime mover of the system (Gamba, G., 2005). In absorptive and secretory epithelia there is need to transport ions and solutes in and out of the cells. Specific plasma membrane proteins mediate this transport system by either effecting sodium influx and potassium efflux with accompaniment of those ions and/or solutes that need to be transported (Gamba, G., 2005). Except in choroidal plexus, these cations move through the epithelial basolateral membrane mediated by the action of the enzyme --ATPase that creates an electrochemical gradient across the membrane. The plasma proteins mediate this transcellular transport that utilises this gradient to move target ions across the membrane and thus this system is called a secondary one while the enzyme-mediated cation movement is called the primary system. These two component systems together constitute the primary ion transport system across cellular membranes in human physiology (Gamba, G., 2005). On

The benefits of nuclear energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The benefits of nuclear energy - Essay Example Bruno Comby considers that nuclear energy to replace the other energy sources especially fossil fuels including coal, natural gas and petroleum and in this way serve as a clean, safe, efficient and reliable energy source, whilst ensuring the conservation of the environment. Comby mentions that there are several renewable energy sources which are being tried out nowadays including wind, solar and tidal energy, but the same cannot be used to meet the mass requirements and with the global environment crisis may not be efficient to lower the carbon dioxide levels and control pollution. He considers that there would be no other alternatives but the use of nuclear technology. He also considers that the opposition to the use of nuclear technology for power generation would be the biggest mistake of human civilisation. Currently more than 85% of the world power is generated from fossil fuels. This releases huge amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants. He feels that countries like Indi a and China which account for one-third of the earth’s pollution should take up a strategy to use nuclear fuel immediately and conserve the environment by prevention of using fossil fuels. Using wind power requires a several areas to be deforested and the use of bio fuel would have place additional pressure on the agricultural sector to produce yield for fuel. Comby also addressed the problem of nuclear accidents that have occurred in the USA (Three Mile Island 1979) and the Chernobyl incident in 1986 (USSR). He felt that though the Three Mile Island incident was hyped, it was a good example of how to prevent a nuclear disaster. On the other hand, regarding Chernobyl he felt that the same was avoidable if proper precautions had been taken by the Russian authorities. In all, he feels that in spite of the 2 major and a few minor incidents, there have been very few incidents with the use of nuclear energy for

Responseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Essay

Responseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee - Essay Example is no optimum or correct channel of distributing a product or service; it is important for the marketer to focus on other factors when creating a regular channel marketing strategy and making precise channel decisions. Buyers buy a product or service to satisfy a particular need. In decision making in marketing, a buyer has a performed image on the goods or services based on the marketing messages and the company’s reputation. Thus, where the customer finally buys the product is irrelevant to the customer; so long as the product is to the best of his expectations and that the procedure for buying is as simplified as possible. Products that are strongly advertised or those with powerful brand names will definitely have consumers looking out for their products despite the type of distribution used. On the other hand, the consumer value proposition and the buying process changes and mirrors shifting priorities based on personal needs of the consumer. For major goods or eservices, customers may demand varying levels of attention, services, or uniqueness in the purchase (Rajan 20). Such consumer demands can be achieved by different channels of distribution, which are influenced by the type of channel used by the producer. This may include how well motivated and trained the channel is, and the way the channel services the consumers. Indeed, there is nothing like a correct or best channel of distribution for all goods. As products flow in a life cycle, channels that have been in existence will vanish to give way to new ones. As consumer positions, attitudes, usages, and positions of the goods change, it is highly probable that consumers will find the way to different channels. A product or service sold at one time through specified dealerships, at the start, might now be sold via discounters or mass-merchants at the final stages of its product life

International Change and the Social World Essay Example for Free

International Change and the Social World Essay In meeting the demands of a global economy, technological advancements especially in the field of telecommunications and information technology are key factors in making possible various transactions faster, cheaper, more reliable and convenient. Needless to say, these technological advances are important tools if companies and other business ventures are to survive in the digital economy. These technological advancements however, are evolving far too fast which consequently generate pressing problems that ought to be considered. On a preliminary note, the aforementioned rapid technological evolutions pose serious questions if our societal structures can rapidly adapt to these changes and more importantly, if we, ourselves can rapidly adapt and be able to integrate for ourselves these changes. In line with this, what follows is a discussion of how such changes affect the global economy. Within this context, the task of this paper is to discuss the effects of work transformation in society with a particular emphasis on how it affects the people management systems around the world. Weick and Quinn (1999) contend that changes in the organization of work within societies may either be characterized as â€Å"discontinuous and episodic† or â€Å"continuous and emergent† (p.361). The difference between the two lies in the emphasis on intentionality, planning, management control, and specific outcomes in the former and the emphasis on improvisation, spontaneity, and ongoing action in the latter. The two perspectives stated above have a direct effect in the formation of an organizational framework. This is another way of saying that the manner in which organizational change is perceived supports an appreciation of the multidimensional nature of organizational phenomena. The organization of phenomena stems from the human need to conceptually order reality. Such a process is ensured through the creation or adoption of a language that may account for the reality perceived by the individual or by the social group. The importance of such a process stems from its issuance of a fixed and thereby more manageable reality. Such a reality, however, is continuously distorted due to the steady input of new forms of conceptualizations that also opt to enable the manageability of reality. Such a process is apparent within the business sector in the gradual shift from an information-based economy to a knowledge-based economy. The later form of economy recognizes that knowledge occupies a focal point in relation to the function of society. As a result of this, organizations became increasingly aware of the need for a ‘knowledge focus’ in their organizational strategies as they respond to changes in their environment. ‘Knowledge focus’ refers to the deobjectifcation of knowledge in favour of the codification of knowledge into systems (Bell, 1999, p.x). Within such an economy, organizational actors and the complex social interactions that take place amongst them recreate organizations through the continuous process of change. According to Tsoukas and Vladimirou (2001), what makes knowledge organizational is it codification in the form of propositional statements set within a group’s collective understanding (p.974). It is important to note that such a process of knowledge codification requires the existence of local knowledge. Within an organization, such forms of local knowledge are evident in the company’s culture; the development of such is dependent upon the existing organizational framework. Such a point brings to focus one of the main elements of the labour market that determines the existing workforce’s productivity and performance within a particular society. The reason for such a focus is evident if one considers that the current shift in economy [from an information based economy to a knowledge-based economy] gives precedence on the role of the members of the workforce in the maintenance of an organizations overall knowledge based culture. In line with this, Davinport (1999) contends that such a culture necessitates a new mode of framing the human capital. According to Davinport, it is time to conceive of workers â€Å"not as human capital but as human capital owners and investors† (1999, p.7). Davinport argues that such a conception is not entirely new since it echoes the conception of the employee as an asset. The difference of such a view stems from the conception of the worker as the owner of the capital since workers are the ones who decide in which field they will contribute the specific talents and expertise they possess within the current market. The organization’s role thereby is fixed to the extent that its main role lies in utilizing and developing the skills offered by the member’s of their workforce. Organizations must thereby adopt new working practices or upgrade workplace skills. An example of this is evident in the content of the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) of the United Kingdom which states that â€Å"in a mass customisation environment, where systems of production and distribution are readily imitated and leapfrogged, organisations must therefore continually invest in physical and human capital to keep ‘ahead of the game’†(2001, p.10). As a result of the above stated paradigmatic shift from an information-based economy to a knowledge based economy certain developments occurred within the economic, political, and technological fields. Such developments are evident in the increase in business competition and the advent of information technologies (Weatherly, 2003, p.2). Political and economic developments are evident in the increase in business competition which is a result of the globalization of trade and key economic sectors [e.g. telecommunication, electricity, transportation, financial services]. Technological developments, on the other hand, are evident in the advent of information technology which can best be seen through the continuous popularity and easy accessibility of the internet. According to Lev (2001), such developments within the above stated fields have dramatically changed the structure of organizations to the extent that intangibles [human capital] became the major value drivers of business within developed economies (p.8-14). The reason for this is evident if one considers that from a strategic perspective it has been noted that â€Å"fully one-third of the information used to justify the investment decision is non-financial† (Ernst Young, 1997, p.10). Examples of such factors are â€Å"quality of management, effectiveness of new product development, strength of market position, strength of corporation culture, and effectiveness of compensations policies† (Weatherly, 2003, p.4). Such factors have an overall link to business systems since they are partially if not fully determined by the company’s culture maintained by its overall organizational framework. Furthermore, since the above stated factors are considered in the determination of investment decisions, it also follows that they have a direct effect in terms of the economic conditions of a business organizations and hence the economic side of society as a whole. As was stated above, one of the defining factors of the current paradigm shift within the market can be traced from the shift of importance from the tangible assets to the intangible assets. Tangible assets consists of financial assets [financial capital] and physical assets [e.g. property, equipment, and other furnishing] whereas intangible assets consists of intellectual capital [e.g. patent formulas and product designs] and human capital. The focus of this paper from the onset has been to lay down the current transformations of work in the period of globalization. What follows is the specification of how these changes have affected society at large. In Work, Self, and Society, Catherine Casey specifies the manner in which changes in work have affected society. Casey (1995) argues that the current conception of work which is defined by the effects of industrialization has turned the worker into a product or a commodity of the market. She states, The convergence of work and virtue (through methodical adherence to one’s ‘calling’)†¦set in place a type of citizen-worker that would subsequently come to typify modern forms of social organization. In modern society people have defined themselves and in turn have been socially defined, by the type of work that they do in the public sphere. (1995, p.28) In other words, the results of industrialization have led to the commodification of the individual as the individual derives his value from his work. The manner in which this is enabled is further evident in the current shift from an information based economy to a knowledge based economy as the value of the worker is considered to be dependent upon his knowledge. This shows how the nature of work within a post-industrial society has changed to the extent that the market has become dependent upon the mental labour and the mental knowledge of the worker [mental labour is considered to be the core of industrial activity] (Lawson, Jones, Moores, 2000, p.99).   To a certain extent, one might note that this may prove to be beneficial for individual societies since the aforementioned paradigm shift has enabled the development of regional specialties and economies. Sabel (1999) states that the changes in the work paradigm within the post-industrial society has led to the development and growth of â€Å"twentieth century variants of industrial districts in Italy, West Germany, Japan, Denmark, Austria, France, and the United States† (p. 243). Such an assumption however may be considered as the result of a form of hasty generalization since although such developments have enabled organizations around to world to place greater focus upon the members of the workforce as well as upon the development of industrial districts around the world [the development of such is expected to pave the way for the industrialization of all countries and hence the development of these countries] such developments still place the worker in a disadvantaged position as he remains to be a commodity within the market whose value is dependent upon what the work system prescribes. References Bell, D. (1999).   The Axial Age of Technology, Foreword. The Coming of the Postindustrial Society.   New York: Basil Book. Casey, C. (1995). Work, Self, and Society: After Industrialism. London: Routledge. Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, 2001.   Raising U.K. Productivity: Why People Management Matters. Davenport, T. (1999).   Human Capital: What It Is and Why People Invest.   San Francisco: Doubleday. Ernst Young LLP. (1997). Measures that matter. Retrieved March 22, 2009 from www.cbi.cgey.com. Lawson, T., M. Jones, R. Moores. (2000). Advanced Sociology Through Diagrams. Oxford: Oxford U.P. Lev, B. (2001). Intangibles: Management, measurement and reporting. Washington, DC: Brookings Inst. P. Sabel, C. (1999). Flexible Specialisation and the Re-emergence of Regional Economies. Modernity: Critical Concepts Ed. M. Waters. London: Taylor Francis. Tsoukas, H. Vladimirou, E. (2001). What is organizational knowledge? Journal of Management Studies, vol. 38, no.7. 973-93 Weatherly, L. (2003). Human capital-the elusive asset: Measuring and managing human capital: A strategic imperative for HR. Research Quarterly, Society for Human Resource Management. Weick, C. Quinn, R. (1999). Organizational change and development.   Annual Review of Psychology, vol. 50: 361-386.

Origin vs. Settlement Essay -- US Immigration, Transnationalism

The United States is a country which gathers people from different places. Those people who cross over from another country to America the transnational people. There are some critiques which argue that the transnational people will only keep their origins and return to their home country. If they are involved in politics, it will only benefit their original countries. However, I think those transnational people are trying to find their belongings by participating in politics in the United States by referring to the case studies on the Union of Democratic Filipinos, Saigon Nationalism, and the Indian-US civil nuclear deal. Transnational is the people who leave their originally countries to move to other countries. â€Å"The contemporary use of "transnational" to describe border crossing activities "from below"-by immigrants, migrants, sojourners† (Collet and Lien, 11). In addition, there is also a definition of transnationalism Glick Schiller and her colleagues formally define transnationalism as "the processes by which immigrants forge and sustain multi-stranded social relations that link together their societies of origin and settlement" (Basch et al. 1994: 6). For them, it is "a process by which migrants, through daily life activities and social, economic and political relations create social fields that cross national boundaries. (11) The transnationalism allows the transnational people to keep both their ethnic tie to their origin; at the same time participate and involve in the politic in the United States and being loyal to the United States. Personally, I believe those naturalized transnational citizens will be the trustworthy people to be active in the United States politics. Even though they were not born in the United ... ...democratic Vietnam. Such attitudes tended to frustrate local political parties eager to co-opt Vietnamese American voters in registration drives. (63) Those believes prevent the Americans to vote for transnational candidates because they are feared that those candidates will put down their responsibilities to return back to their origins. However, I think if the Americans do not give those candidates the chance to show their loyalties, nothing will come true. Their non-voting action also discourages some people to give to be involved in politics. America is a multi-ethnic country where it accepts all people from all over the world. America needs show its acceptance to those transnational people to allow those people to show their loyalties to the United States. This way will encourage more Asian Americans to be involves in politics to find their belongings.

Cold War Winner Essay

From 1945-1960, the Soviet Union was more successful in achieving its goal of spreading communism than the United states was at achieving its goal of containing it. Russia directly spread communism to China, the northern half of Korea, and all of Eastern Europe. In addition, it forced heavy expenses on the U. S. through the Berlin blockade, beat the U. S. in achieving orbital flight, embarrassed president Eisenhower with the U-2 incident, and caused wide-spread panic in the U. S. government itself. The U. S. eanwhile secured democracy in countries in which it was relatively easy to do so, and was unable to properly defend Korea or China. Russia’s sponsorship of the communist rebellion in China led to the easy and complete victory over one of the largest countries in the world. This was a complete victory, with Chiang Kai-Shek, the opposition leader, completely pushed out of China and into Taiwan. The U. S. did not manage to contain communism whatsoever, and its assistance to Chiang Kai-Shek did not help his victory. The Korean war is yet another example of the U. S. being unable to contain communism, even with its own troops. Although the U. S. pushed the border all the up to China, Chinese troops were able to push them down until the armistice settled upon the 38th parallel as the division between North and South Korea. Finally, the Soviet Union gained communist leaders in nearly all of Eastern Europe, as well as gaining control of East Germany. This clearly shows that the goal of the Soviet Union – spreading communism – was achieved. The U. S. was only able to contain Communism in Western Europe. Western Europe had been the origin of Democratic government, and U. S. involvement in the election of Democratic leaders was small. Money was pumped into the countries via the Truman and Marshall plans, and that merely ensured victories which were probably going to turn Democratic even without intervention. Other than the literal spread of Communism, the Soviet Union also achieved propaganda victories by launching Sputnik and in the U-2 incident. The launch of SPutnik was a complete surprise to the U. S. , and greatly surpassed the current technical abilities of the U. S. at the time. Its beeping was a constant and easily found reminder to not just the American people, but people all over the world, that Communism could succeed in creating great nd successful projects. During the U-2 incident, the Soviet Union managed to embarrass President Eisenhower by making him look like a liar. He had signed an agreement that there were to be no more U. S. surveillance planes over Russia, but the one that he left was shot down by the Russians. The survival of the pilot caused even more embarrassment for EIsenhower by forcing him to get Gary Powers back. This painted Eisenhower to the world as a liar, and as untrustworthy. These two events were huge propaganda victories for the Soviet Union. In addition, the weakness of the U. S. overnment was exposed through the Red Scare. H. U. A. C. blew past the constitution making it practically worthless, and therefore showcased the fragile balance of power that a Democratic government must maintain in order to function properly. In conclusion, the Soviet Union’s victories in China, Korea and Eastern Europe combined with the propaganda successes that were the launch of Sputnik, the U-2 incident and the Red Scare, show that the Soviet Union clearly achieved their goals. This achievement therefore demonstrate the clear winner in this successful country in this section of the Cold War.